Arteriovenous Malformations (AVM) of the brain are a rare cause of bleeding stroke as well as epilepsy and other neurological conditions.

Aneurysms are a weakened bulge in the wall of arteries that may develop anywhere. In the brain they are an important cause of stroke in younger people.

Cavernomas are low pressure vascular anomalies that may be found in the brain or spinal cord. They are often minimally or asymptomatic but are also a cause of stroke eplspy an progressive disability

Von Hippel-Lndau disease is a rare inherited condition that causes benign tumours in the nervous systems as well as tumours in eyes, kidneys and cysts on the abdominal organs.

The effects of cranial trauma manifest in different ways as one progresses through life. Early in life the brain sits snugly within its bony box meaning any bruising or blood clot on the surface declares itself typically quickly. Later in life the brain occupies less space may become more vulnerable to even trivial trauma.

Meningiomas are usually benign tumours that press on healthy nervous tissue. When symptomatic they can be effectively treated by microsurgical removal or with stereotactic radiosurgery. The appropriate treatment is determined by the size and location of the tumours as well taking account of the patient's personal priorities. Small tumours may simply be observed and treated if they grow or cause symptoms.

Dural arteriovenous fistulae that affect the brain (BDAVF) arise from abnormal connections that develop between the blood supply tot he coverings of the cranial cavity (scalp, skull, dura) and the circulation that service the brain, two systems that communicate minimally under normal circumstances.

Spinal vascular malformations may present with gradual neurological deterioration or rarely haemorrhage resulting in spinal stroke

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Moyamoya disease results in progressive narrowing of the carotid arteries within the skull and may result in stroke.